Chapter+2

**2.0 Literature Review** In the previous chapter, our group have explained the research background of the study including smoking habit among the student, aspects that lead students to smoke and student awareness about danger of smoking. To provide a clearer understanding of this study, we will thus discuss a few articles that related with our research study. By using this useful article as a guide line of our research, our group will explain generally about smoking, bad habit of smoking and smoking risk.

Smoking is recognized as the leading preventable cause of death, causing or contributing to the deaths of approximately 430,700 Americans each year. Anyone with a smoking habit has an increased chance of lung, cervical, and other types of cancer; respiratory diseases such as asthma, and chronic bronchitis; and cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack, high blood pressure,stroke, and narrowing and hardening of the arteries. The risk of stroke is especially high in women who take birth control pills. (http://answers.com)
 * 2.1 Causes of Smoking**

Smoking always leads to many health problems, not only for the smokers but also for the non-smokers. Once smoking becomes a habit, the smoker faces a lifetime of health risks. Smoking is recognized as the leading preventable cause of death. Anyone with a smoking habit has a potential of lung, cervical, and other types of cancer, respiratory diseases such as emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis and cardiovascular disease, such as heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, and atherosclerosis. Smoking also contributes as one of several factors that might be related to a higher risk of hip fractures in older adults. Recent research reveals that passive smokers have an increased chance of many health problems such as lung cancer and asthma, and in children, sudden infant death syndrome. Smoking can damage fertility, making it harder to conceive, and it can interfere with the growth of the fetus during pregnancy. It accounts for an estimated 14% of premature births and 10% of infant deaths.(http://answers.com)

Smoking causes many harmful diseases like lung cancer, emphysema, heart attacks, high blood pressure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can lead to birth effects. Smoking affects not only the person who smokes, but also the people around that person. The people who are around the person who is smoking are forced automatically to perform passive smoking. This passive smoking is more dangerous when compared to direct smoking. (http://ezinearticles.com)

Smoking is a practice where tobacco is burned and the smoke is inhaled. This combustion releases the active substances in drug such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. Smoking is a common form of recreational drug use. It can also be done as a part of ritual and spiritual enlightenment. The common method of smoking is through cigarettes, pipes, cigars, hookahs and bongs. Tobacco smoking is popular form of smoking and is practiced by majority of all human society. Some of substances or drugs that are smoked are considered to be addictive and classified as hard narcotics. (http://wikipedia.com)
 * 2.2 Smoking**

Islamic scholars have historically had mixed views about tobacco, and until recently, there has not been a clear, unanimous fatwa (legal opinion) to allow or forbid cigarette smoking. The mixed views on the subject came about because cigarettes are a more recent invention and did not exist at the time of the revelation of the Qur'an in the 7th century A.D. Therefore, one cannot find a verse of Qur'an, or words of the Prophet Muhammad, saying clearly that "cigarette smoking is forbidden."

"In view of the harm caused by tobacco, growing, trading in and smoking of tobacco are judged to be haram (forbidden). The Prophet, peace be upon him, is reported to have said, 'Do not harm yourselves or others.' Furthermore, tobacco is unwholesome, and God says in the Qur'an that the Prophet, peace be upon him, 'enjoins upon them that which is good and pure, and forbids them that which is unwholesome'" (Permanent Committee of Academic Research and Fatwa, Saudi Arabia).

T he article explains about bad smoking habits. Smoke, generally society knows smoke very dangerous at anywhere. Bad habit such as smoke in bed generally know danger to health, but also dangerous to house. This habit cause many house fires started because someone fell asleep with a lit cigarette still between his fingers. Other bad smoking habit is reaching for a cigarette first thing in the morning. Smoking in the kitchen while cooking is also something which should be avoided, as ash can easily fall into the food. Not paying attention to when and how often smoke is another bad habit and one which can mean you are smoking a lot more than you think. So make a note of every cigarette that has been taken for a week and notice when smoke unconsciously. Smoking around babies or children is another bad habit and one which could have serious consequences for their health, as passive smoking has now been proved to cause the same illnesses as active smoking. (Waller Jamison)
 * 2.3 Bad Smoking Habit**

It is found that mostly men smoke, but the habit of smoking is also seen in some women and it is a very dangerous habit for women, when compared to men. Because researchers have found that smoking leads to more health hazards in women when compared to men. Smoking habit is found more in young women when compared to old women. Smoking is dangerous for pregnant women. Because it will show affect on the child in the womb and may lead to birth effects. (http://ezinearticles.com)